第1篇 扛得住艰难，才能配得上梦想演讲稿
本期演讲嘉宾：余华
我自认为我是个不甘平庸之人 也满怀一腔热血 自入校以来学到更多的是为人处事与惊觉不变的阅历 也抓住了许多机遇走到今天 越发明确了'要么出局 要么出众'的生活态度。
推荐理由：
他积极投身学生会日常管理工作 也多次参加志愿者服务活动 拥有一定的为人处事与随机应变能力 在工作中有较强的责任心落实到每一件事 在工作中发出疑问 面对困难进行自主发现自主突破 有独立思考解决问题的能力 在班级中也协助老师开展各项日常工作事务 为学部为班级的发展尽力献力。
——朱涛
本期演讲主题
敬爱的老师、亲爱的同学们：
大家早上好，我是17机电大专班的 今天国旗下讲话的主题是扛得住艰难，才配得上梦想。
六月正携精高考悄然走来。临考之际，留给高三学长学姐们的时间所剩无儿。此时与他们最重要的，是心态。
战国策有言'行百步者半于九十，此言末路之难也'.三年来，一路风南将尽，知识早已翻过一-轮又-轮，题库早已刷过一-遍又一遍。技能考、理论考，一轮轮的冲刷，想必他们已经心中有数、胸有成竹。接下来的几天里，各种情绪是否会如潮水般涌上心头？有人说最困难之时，就是整装待发时：而最困难之时也是离成功不远之时。高考在即，压力难免，所以如何看待压力和竞争？是把它作为包袱还是变压力为动力？在竞争中展示自己的才华和智慧，来回报自己无数个日夜的辛苦和汗水。
常言道分耕耘分收获。他们付出的每份汗都将赢得回报。 在考试中的每一分都有可能改变一个人的一生，所以更要沉着细心、全力以赴。虽然他们大部分尚不知将去何方，或许心中有些忐忑不安，但'尽吾志也而不能至者，可以无悔矣'.曾为之努力拼搏过，便无怨无悔，无所畏惧。
高二预科班的学长学姐们，也将进入高三的紧张学习中。无疑，高三的学习是辛苦的，但可以学中求乐、快乐学习。作为准高三，要有明确的高考目标：应从现在开始行动，今日事今日毕：会合理利用时间；能够调控好心态；迎难而上，我们相信有志者事竟成满怀信心，踌躇满志的走进高三。将用'天生我材必有用'的自信，'铁杵磨成针'的毅力，去编织属于你们的精彩篇章。
而对于高-的同学来说，高考并不遥远。万丈高楼平地起，坚实基础的建立至关重要，踏踏实实走好每一步，才能走得更稳更远。我们要立足当下、志在未来。'最无益莫过于一日哪十日寒，若有恒阿必三更眠压更起'.天道酬勤，将来的你定会感谢现在拼搏的自己。
高三学子们，寒窗苦读，沉淀了他们知识的底蕴；挑灯夜战，使他们远征的行囊载满学识。如今，十年磨剑，终到了一展锋芒之时。我们相信，千淘万漉虽辛苦，吹进黄沙到金！预祝高三同学马到成功，金榜题名！
我的讲话到此结束，谢谢大家！
'谈及高三，很多人会说：那是有梦想的一年。为梦想付出的苦和累，日后都会化为一种甘甜。又到一年高考季，愿你们，愿你们合上笔盖的那一刻，都有着战士收刀入鞘的骄傲。以梦为马，随处可栖。金榜题名，圆梦六月。'
拼一载春秋，博一生无悔
青霄有路终须到，金榜无名誓不还
最后，预祝本届高三学子考取自己心仪的大学，开启人生新的征程。
愿历尽千帆，归来仍少年。
愿你御风破浪历尽千帆，归来仍是少年
愿有人陪你颠沛流离，以梦为马，随处可栖
愿你有盔甲也有软肋，善良的有原则，感性的有底线。
愿你走出半生，归来仍是少年。
第2篇 药企庆祝建国60周年演讲稿：渐入正途的艰难之路
药企庆祝建国60周年演讲稿：渐入正途的艰难之路
--中国药企60年发展分析
在中国医药产业近60年的发展进程中，既经历过封闭的独立自主的发展阶段，又在经历着不得不面对国际药业全球格局的阶段，这一进程对于中国企业来说，有着多重意义，而中国制药业的发展轨迹和特征，也值得稍作梳理。
在当前阶段，已经没有充足的时间留给中国的制药企业去转型、调整和应对，而同时又存在体制、环境和人才诸多方面的困境，如何在困境中把握来自于全局的机遇，敢于面对必然的挑战，从历史和发展中总结经验，突破困境，是摆在每一个企业面前的艰难选择。
商业开放：第一代药企突围
在计划经济时代的中国医药行业，从中央到地方，惯例模式是医药（西药）、中药材两大版块分列，商业功能则由从国家医药公司、国家药材公司至上而下的三级医药站调拨方式完成。在这一阶段，对于制药企业而言，是只具备简单的工业企业职能的，而目前所流行的营销和销售两个模块，则是由国家统一包了的。在20世纪80年代末之前，全国的制药企业只有几百家，从特定角度来说，中国医药工业的发展在国家调控的指挥棒之下，有着井然的秩序。
这个秩序的打破，肇因于中国全社会改革开放浪潮的开始和壮大。在上世纪80年代中后期，一如所有的市场经济规律，新型商业流通模式的发展带来变革的压力，这时的制药工业企业，面临着来自于上下两方面的压力，一方面上游供应商的原材料价格上涨积压利润空间，一方面是下游的药品流通领域企业的市场化发展竞争突破了计划经济的调拨模式，不断压低药品价格。
可以说这一时期中国制药企业的最初变革是被动的，迫于生存的压力开始了第一步的市场化探索，不得不从计划调拨模式走向工业自销模式。
当时的工业自销状况，尚距离现代医药营销概念差之甚远，最典型的方式无过于各种各样的药品交易会。自古以来，中国在中药材交易领域就有药市交易的传统，由此，一些传统的药市交易地成为最初的药品交易会兴盛地，诸如河南百泉药交会和江西樟树药交会等，这直接导致了全国各地大办药交会局面的出现，中国制药业的市场化探索就这样迈出了第一步。
不得不提的是，最初阶段的制药企业发展，尚具备市场化初期的纯朴性和单一性。产品疗效的好坏是竞争主线，回扣和带金销售尚没有大规模产生。而也如一贯的市场经济规律，在不同地域和不同的大类用药领域，也在逐步形成较具规模的制药企业，诸如传统的四大制药企业等。这时的医药行业从业人员，素质普遍较高，皆为从计划经济时代一步一步扎实走过来的老药人，有着朴素而厚实的道德素养。
广告大战：第二代药企崛起
到80年代末，中国制药业出现了一个具有代表性的转折期，这是一个危害至今的发展阶段。
由于当时的医药购销两旺，以及越来越大的国民健康需求的发展。中国制药业在80年代中后期步入了第一个行业整体发展的黄金期，巨大的市场需求和利润空间导致各地方利益集团（主要是政府）开始大建药厂，进入中国制药业，由此，在短短不到10年的时间之内，中国制药工业企业数量由最初的几百家飙升到5 500多家，行业从业人员良莠不齐。
反思这个发展，有三个大的原因不得不说，一个是中国当时尚不具备成形的专利保护法系，药厂产品的泛滥一发不可收，无论是中药还是西药，都大量出现了同一产品可以由上百家药厂出产的情况。另一个原因则是中央政府对于新药厂建设没有设置有效的准入制度，小规模的投入即可建立一个土作坊似的药品生产点。第三个原因则是当时中国尚没有形成完整的全国统一市场，区块划分严重，而地方利益集团势力强大，导致中国药品的生产和营销也成严重的区块划分态势，每一个区块内制药企业和商业企业都大量无序繁衍。
由此可见，从一个特殊角度来说，中国制药业仿制药盛行和产品低水平重复的局面，其实来自于中国药业无序的自由市场竞争。也由此可见，在中国诸多行业发展的经验中，国家意志主导和骨干企业资本介入两种有效的模式都未曾在制药行业内有效发挥作用。而由此产生的“哈药”模式，只不过企业在无所助力的环境中寻找的一个大胆又冒险的突破口。
中国制药行业的发展，开始跃入以广告投放量计算发展的时代，这个时代一直延续至今，存留下来的记忆，好的药品和企业品牌似乎都已经没有了痕迹，能够想到的，只是保健品时代的旺盛。广告透支的副作用也极其严重，药厂泛滥导致的广告泛滥直接摧毁了消费者对于药品的信任，也直接导致了药品消费更加依赖于医院和医生处方。
在进入20__年之后，政府不得不逐渐出面制定关于药品广告方面的渐渐严厉的法规，保健品退居为食字号，处方药已经不能在绝大多数媒体刊登广告，抗生素开始限售，这一系列规制的出台，也宣告了中国药业以广告投放为特征的市场突围宣告失败。
资本重组： 第三代药企格局
在20__年前后，也即中国政府就加入wto做最后努力的时刻，作为一个不算大的行业领域，中国制药业面临即将到来的wto时代的诸多可能的深度冲击，在这样一个诱因之下，再加之中国改革开放发展所带来的旺盛国内需求，中国药业掀起了一轮国内资本的并购重组浪潮。
这一轮资本重组有几个鲜明的特征。一是以抢占市场格局为侧重点，二是以抢占区域市场主导优势为侧重点。这两个侧重点的选择，依然是基于市场导向选择，从而掀起了一场资本层面的混战，这一波重组浪潮也可以看作是中国制药业对自己尚不熟悉的资本操作层面的一次探索，成功者少，失败者多也成为必然。三九集团，北京双鹤药业，华源集团等都在“做大”和“做强”的辩证关系中倒了下去。总体而言，在这一轮资本运作之后，全国以主要的区域市场为中心，依然形成了一系列较大的制药集团。
当然，也有较为成功的个案。医药商业领域最为成功的个案即使海王星辰连锁药店布局，海王星辰20__年与美国美信合资成立美信医药连锁，20__年又获高盛4000万投资，而其中核心，则在于海王星辰通过外资的介入，直接移植了国外成熟的连锁药店经营模式，也较好的逐步稳固了自己的几个主要区域布局和物流体系。
商业领域的较多成功案例并不能掩饰在制药工业领域的弱势。这一弱势的深层根源，依然在于行业整体极弱的药品研发创新能力，收购和重组新的企业，并不能带来研发体系的新的变革，带来的只是规模的增大和销售额的单纯上升，而存在于收购之前企业内的诸多问题，依然没有解决之道。
可惜的是，这一轮的追求规模型的资本浪潮之后，有相当一部分企业和行业精英人士已经在深入思考。这种思考直接带来了另外一个层面的资本运作，即引入新品种，打造初步的研发能力以及初步的临床学术理念。由此，资本运作也开始真正触及到中国制药业真正的短板所在。
临床导向：第四代药企雏形
如果说前三代的中国医药企业发展，都是在市场和营销的层面产生巨大变革的话，那么今天的中国医药行业，在经历一系列的苦难之后，已经有部分企业开始直面自己的短板之处。这个短板，就是始终绕不过去的新药研发能力。中国制药行业起家于抗生素原料药行业，后又发展起门类齐全的仿制药工业，如果说在中国发展的初期，这种跟随性的后发优势是中国制药业可以快速发展壮大的必然途径。那么在今天，行业的大格局和背景已经发生了很大变化，在新的变化下，过分拘泥于传统优势和经验，即是落后。
如果单纯以制药外企进入中国的时间来看，中国制药业是对外开放较早的行业之一，早在80年代，诸如西安杨森就已进入中国市场。但中国制药业依然在两个强大的背负下不能放手融入全球制药业市场：一是保护中国弱小的仿制药工业，二是保证中国民众的用药安全。无论是投资、合资领域，研发领域还是商业领域，中国人的一系列不开放姿态导致了到今天为止一个奇怪的局面。制药外企依然在中国取得了很好的发展，但中国制药工业并未如其它行业诸如汽车工业那样从合资合作中取得自身的长足发展。一面是中国制药企业的军阀混战，一面是制药外企携原研药品的长驱直入不可阻挡。
但希望总是在的。制药外企所带来的经验依然为部分中国企业所感受和学习。这些经验的核心就是，建立基于原研药的生产研发体系，建立基于原研药的市场销售策略。在这两个方面，已经有相当一部分中国企业开始了自己的征途。
_____天普生化医药股份有限公司无疑就是其中一个最具典型代表性的个案。傅和亮最先从事于新药研发工作，创业起家，公司的主要产品包括一类新药凯力康（尤瑞克林）、二类新药天普洛安（乌司他丁），这些主力药品都取得了良好的市场成绩，并且发展迅速。以傅和亮的经验来看，天普的发展，恰恰是走过了截然不同的两个阶段，最初以传统销售模式拉动的天普几个省份办事处，已经衰落；而最新的上海，江浙、北京等地以临床学术理念营销为主的办事处，则处于极速上升期。产品的优秀加上临床学术理念营销为主的新模式，让天普得以焕然一新。同时20__年天普作为一家创业型小型企业，获得上海实业的51％的股份投资，又在资金层面获得强助。有证券公司分析，_____天普将在未来3年之内突破销售额10亿元，成长为中国最大的生物制药公司。
_____天普，先声药业等的成功，恰恰代表了新型国内制药企业的崛起，这个“新”就凸显在企业本身已经回归到最为根本的药物研发创新能力主线上，这一回归的过程中充满艰难坎坷，但确是中国制药企业不得不付出的成本和必须打好的基础。
谈起这一批新型企业来，有几个共同点不得不说，一是有药物研发相关经历的经营人才或归国人士大多主导或者参与企业的发展转型，这一部分精英视野开阔，不受中国医药行业积病所困；二是企业团队具有优秀的文化，有药物研发和学术营销的经验；三是善于利用资本工具获取所需的新药品或者国外直接的营销经验模式；四是大多目前尚处于起步期，规模偏小，但成长速度极快。
第3篇 ted英语演讲：你该如何面对艰难的选择
面对困难的选择，我们一开始就错了
演讲者：ruth chang
think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
设想在不久的未来，你将面对一个艰难的决定。这也许是在两份职业中做出一个选择，艺术家还是会计师;也许是选择居住的地方，城市还是乡村;也许是在两个人中选择和谁结婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否让年老体衰的父母跟你一起住;是否让你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你会因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者说，是否将毕生积储捐赠给慈善机构。
chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能，你所思考的这些艰难抉择都十分庞大，十分重要你也十分重视。每当困难的选择出现，他都会让你感到痛苦、绝望，让你咬牙切齿。但我认为我们误解了艰难抉择的定义，更误解了其在我们生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解这些艰难决定，我们每个人便会发掘出 一种隐藏的潜力。
what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一个抉择之所以难是由于选项之间相互关联。任何简单的抉择中，总有一种选择比另一种要好。可在艰难抉择中，一种选择在某些方面较好，另一种选择在其他方面较好，二者各有千秋让人无法定夺。你痛苦地纠结于应该继续呆在这座城市里干这份工作，还是改变一下你的生活方式到乡村去接受更具挑战性的工作，因为留下有留下的好处，离开也有好处，两种选择各有千秋难以定夺。
we shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我们不应该认为所有的艰难抉择都很庞大。打个比方，你正决定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纤维全谷干麦片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假设在此抉择中的决定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麦片对你身体好，甜甜圈却好吃很多，但两者都有自身优势，这就是一个艰难抉择。
realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意识到小的选择也可能会变得困难，那面对大的艰难抉择时我们可能就不会觉得那么棘手了。毕竟，我们总能决定早餐吃什么，所以我们也许能够想明白，究竟要留在市区，还是到乡下接手新的工作。
we also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.
同时，我们也不应该觉得，选择之所以难是因为自己很愚蠢。在我刚大学毕业的时候，我无法从两种职业中抉择，哲学还是法律。我真心喜欢哲学，若能成为哲学家，便能学到很多惊奇的东西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好。可我出生自一个朴实简素的移民家庭，我对奢侈的概念，就是能在上学的午餐盒里找到一块猪舌和一份果冻三明治。所以这种一辈子仅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其实，对我来说只是一种奢侈和轻浮的假象罢了。
so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i'd be set. i'd compare them side by side, i'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黄色笔记本，在中间划了一条线，然后竭尽所能地写出每种选择的利与弊。当时我就想：如果能知道选择某种职业后我的人生会变成怎样就好了。如果上帝或者网飞公司能送我一张dvd来向我描述这两种充满可能性的职业生涯，那我就能做出选择了。我就能一一对比，看看哪种更好，这样一来抉择就简单多了。
but i got no dvd, and because i couldn't figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. it wasn't who i was.
但我没有收到这种dvd，而且由于我实在想不出哪一种更优，我就和大多数人一样：选择了最安全的一项。成为失业哲学家的恐惧，驱使我成了一名律师。可后来我发现，当律师不大适合我，这不是真正的我。
so now i'm a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我现在是名哲学家，我钻研艰难抉择，我可以告诉大家，对未知产生恐惧是在进行困难抉择时的自然反应，而这种恐惧来源于对艰难抉择的误解。
it's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我们不应该认为，在艰难抉择中某种选择总会会比另一种好，可我们自身太愚蠢，所以无法辨别，那既然我们无法定夺，倒不如选风险最小的那项。就算你完全了解了两种选项并将其一一对照，你仍然很难决定。选择之所以难，不是因为我们无知;难的原因在于没有最优选项。
now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. but that can't be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.
那么，如果没有最佳项，如果衡量的天秤不会倾向于 任何一方，那么任何选项都一定是好的。所以面对艰难抉择，可能正确的思维方式，就是认为选项双方一样好。这种想法肯定不对。如果选项都一样好，那还不如直接抛硬币算了，这样就会产生思想误区，让你认为自己选择事业、住处、婚嫁时都抛硬币选择就好了。
there's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
还有另外一个原因，使艰难选择并非是在同等好的选项中抉择。 假设你要在两份工作中挑选： 你可以做投资银行家，或做平面设计师。在这个选择当中有颇多决定性因素，譬如工作带来的兴奋程度、能获得的经济保障、顾家时间等等。
maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也许艺术家这个职业能让你接触最前沿的图像表达技术。或许当银行家你就能接触最前端的金融操纵手段。你可以想象任何两种你喜欢的职业，但两者都不会比另一方好的。
imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
现在，假设我们能稍微改进其中的一方。假设一间银行尝试讨好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。这一笔额外的金钱会不会让这份银行家的工作优于当艺术家呢?说不准。更高的薪酬让银行家的工作优于以前，但额外薪水不一定足够让成为银行家变得比成为艺术家好。
but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果对其中一种职业进行改进后结果并没有让一方优于另一方，那么两种选择本身就不可能是一样好。如果两件事一开始都同等的好 ，当你改进了其中一件，那它就一定会优于另一个。在艰难抉择中并非如此。
so now we've got a puzzle. we've got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can't be right. it's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. we're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么现在我们就有一个疑惑了。这两份工作，没有一方能完胜另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟该怎么选择呢? 貌似有些事情出错了。可能选项的本身就存在问题，导致我们无法比较。但这也不对啊。我们并不是要在两种不能被对比的事物间选择。我们说到底是在衡量两份工作的利弊，不是对比数字9和 一盘煎鸡蛋的好处。对比两份工作的总体优势是我们能做到的，也是我们经常做的事。
i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.
我认为疑惑产生的原因源于一种我们对价值的草率设想。我们不知不觉地认为，诸如正义、美丽、善良的价值观都与一些科学度量类似，都能被量度，譬如长度、质量、重量。试想一个与价值观毫不相关的比较，例如两个行李箱中哪个更重。仅有三种可能性。
the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.
其中一个的重量大于、小于 或等于另一个。像重量这样的性质能够用真实的数字来表达——1,2,3…… 而且在两个数字间的比较中只有三种可能。一个数字大于、小于或等于另一个数字价值观却不是如此。
as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can't. we shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作为后启蒙时期的生物，我们总是设想科学思维可以解决世界上一切重要的问题，但价值观的世界不同于科学的世界。科学界中， 一切事物可被数字度量。可价值观的世界中却不能。我们不能认为充斥着“是否”、“长度”和“重量”的数字世界与“该不该”和“该做什么”的价值世界有着同样的架构。
so if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are 'on a par.'
所以，如果我们觉得重要的东西，如：孩子的幸福、对另一半的爱，不能用数字来表示， 那么我们就没有理由相信， 在抉择过程中只有三种可能性： 其中一选项总会优于、劣于或等于另一项。我们需要一种全新的思考维度，第四种关系除了优于、劣于和等于之外，第四种关系能描述艰难抉择的运行模式。我偏好把各选项看做 “等价”。
when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that's why the choice is hard.
当所有选项等价时，你的选择就变得极为重要，但选项本身却没有哪个比其他的好。反之，所有的选择项都有类似的价值，都处于同一种价值范畴当中，但同时他们又具有不同的价值。这正是让选择变得困难的原因。
understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. if there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艰难抉择，我们就会在自己身上发现一些意料之外的东西。我们每个人都有能力去创造理由。想象一下若在某个世界中你只需面对简单抉择，那么，永远都有最佳项。若有最佳项，你就应该选它，因为保持理智就意味着选好的不选坏的，选最合理的。
in such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在这样的世界里，我们有充足的理由去穿黑袜子而不穿粉色袜子，去吃干麦片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不转向乡区，去娶betty而不娶lolita。充满简单抉择的世界，会让我们成为“原由”的奴隶。
when you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
当你这样想，你会发现自己一定是疯了才会相信 摆在你面前的选择会决定你追寻各种事物的理由，会决定你的爱好，让你住现在的房子，让你选现在的工作。事实上，当你面对的是多个选择，多个等价的选择，困难的选择，你会为自己制造理由来选择这项爱好、这所房子和这份工作。
when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
当各选项等价时， 我们面前的各种理性原由， 这些让我们分清对错的原由， 都无法给予我们一个答案。 唯有在这个有艰难抉择的世界里， 我们才能锻炼自己的 规范性力量，以创造自我的原由， 让自己变成 心中想成为的人， 一种更喜爱乡村生活而不是城市生活的人。
when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here's where i stand. here's who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.
当我们需要在等价选项间抉择时，我们能做出一些十分了不起的事。我们能把自身放在一个选项之后。(说道)这就是我的选择，这就是我。我选银行业。我选巧克力甜甜圈。
this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艰难抉择中，这种反应是一种理性反应，但却不是由我们面前的各种原由所决定的。反而，这是由我们自己创造的理由所支撑起来的。当我们为自我创造原由去成为这种人而非那种人时，我们就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以说，我们成了谱写自我人生篇章的作者。
so when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以当面对艰难抉择，不应该拿脑袋撞墙绞尽脑汁地去想哪个选项更优。最佳项并不存在。与其在外界苦命寻找理由，我们该往心里找： 我想成为什么样的人?你可能会决定成为一个穿粉色袜子、爱好干麦片，还住在乡村的银行家。而我可能会决定成为一个穿黑袜子，住在城市里，喜欢吃甜甜圈的艺术家。面临艰难抉择时的反应很大程度上 取决于我们自己每个人。
now, people who don't e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn't put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn't for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不锻炼自己规范性力量的人会成为“漂流者”。我们都认识那样的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律师。我并没有全身心投入到律师业务当中。我不适合当律师。漂流者允许这个世界谱写他们的生命篇章(被拖着走)。他们让奖罚机制—— 鼓励、畏惧、选择的简单性——来决定自己的道路。所以艰难抉择教会我们要审视自己能把身心与精力放到何处，自己究竟追求什么，并通过困难抉择来成为那种人。
far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艰难抉择不是痛苦和恐惧的来源，而是难得的机遇让我们庆幸人类有如此特殊的选择权利，庆幸有时候区分选择正误的理性原由会用尽，而且，庆幸有在这个具有艰难抉择的世界里，我们有能力去为自己创造理由，去成为与众不同的自己。这就是为什么，艰难抉择不是一种诅咒，而是天赐之物。
thank you.(applause)
谢谢(掌声)
你该如何面对艰难的选择观后感
演讲台上，当别人激情澎湃、出口成章的时候，你是不是想过：我什么时候能成为这样的人?
生活中，当听到别人在谈论某某考上了哪所名牌高校，做的什么工作，年薪多少的时候，你是不是想过：我什么时候能成为这样的人?
当你为此深夜辗转反侧、不能入眠的时候，有没有反问过自己：我怎么样才能成为那样的人呢?
如何才能成为一个很厉害的人呢?
选择自己愿意选择的，即刻行动，从工作核心区开始。
选择自己愿意选择的
做重大选择时，应该从终极问题出发，以人生最高目标作为第一原则。ted上有个视频叫：how to make hard choices，演讲者是 ruth chang，她在里面提到做出选择时，就是找出说服自己的理由，想想自己想成为怎样的人，比较外界的因素，确实更为有效。有很多时候，选择之所以艰难，就是因为我们没有想清楚自己到底想要的是什么，从自身找原因去做出选择更有效。
借用哲学家朱莉安的一句话：只有尊重你放弃的选项，才能让你选择的选项变得更有价值。做选择时就是进行价值观的衡量，应该完全遵从自己的想法，选择自己愿意选择的选项。
在很多情况下，人们经常会在一些选择中面临二选一，比如学生要毕业时会在考研还是去找工作之中做出决定，谈恋爱时进展到一定阶段就会考虑应该跟另一半结婚还是分手。当你面临两个极端选择时，第一步就是要学会不信任“是或否”式决定。你可能正在陷入了思维狭隘的误区。需要跳出当前的思维方式，试着去用不同的角度去考虑问题，比如可以去寻找两个选择之间的连接点把能力连接起来?用六顶思维帽来评估自己的误区和其它可能，试着做出一些创造性的改造，总之，永远不要放弃寻找第三选项，因为最好的选择，往往来自在更高目标指引下的我们的创造。
即使对一些重大选择做出了错误的决定，并也不代表你的人生就毁灭了，当你把时间放到一生来看，人生就是一个不断选择再选择的过程，等过上一段时间新的选择也可能会颠覆原先那个关键的选择，选择本来也是可以被修正、被重塑的。不管你做了哪个选择，你的某些东西或特质是永远不会改变的，只要你能坚持自己的目标，虽然走的是另一条路但最终都会带着你走向同一个目的地。
即刻行动
微信上曾发起过一个活动叫100天行动。在100天内聚焦一个目标，每天坚持下去，最终培养成习惯。这个活动目前有数十万人参加，其中一个最常见的现象就是有人在加入这个活动时，经常考虑太多的问题，比如选择练字做为目标，然后就考虑应该练什么字帖，选什么笔，安排在什么时间，总想等到所有条件都合适或自己完全准备好才会开始，而一旦有这样的想法基本上都会拖延很长时间没有开始，当你要去完成一件事的时候，并且不知道应该如何去做，最好的办法就直接开始去做。只要开始了第一步，就会有第二步、第三步。就象刚才提到的练字，只要开始写上几天字，然后定期做一些总结和回顾，慢慢的就能找到符合自己的方法并且坚持下去。
在行动之后总会遇到各种各样问题，但只要问题开始细化之后，就比较容易去解决。但如果你总是想准备好之后再去行动，那么你永远无法完全准备好。
从工作核心区开始
任务分解的“三明治模型”
一个任务可以象三明治一样分解成不同的类型和区域，对于我们所面临的任务来说，绝大多数任务都有一个至关重要、通常也是最棘手的部分，这个部分需要我们集中精力、非常专注地进行思考，然后将其破解。一旦这个部分被完成，那么这个任务就已经完成了大半，余下的就是一些支持性的、补充性的工作。
当你面临一个比较艰巨的任务的时候，直接把任务切片，找出工作的核心区，然后开始调整自己的状态、安排时间、环境，可以使用番茄工作法，利用专注不受干扰的、能纯粹跳脱出来思考的、能达至“心流”状态把最关键的“核心区”搞定，这个任务会比较容易被攻克。
对不同认知类型的工作分层处理
人的大脑在对不同认知类型进行切换时，需要重新进行调整，如在写书时可以分为文字、图片、排版，如果按常规方式进行，一边文字一边排版，然后遇到配图的地方，在找图，这样的效率就很低，但你把任务按类型进行分解分为文字、插图和排版，写文字的时候就一路往下写，对于需要插图的地方，只是记下位置标记和特征要点，待到一整章写完后，才返回去加上插图。最后再排版，象使用ps处理图片中的图层一样进行分层操作，效率就很会提高很多。
在处理多项任务的场景中。比如你现在有两个任务要做，一个是写一个 word 文档，另一个是做一个ppt，常规的做法是先把其中一个做完再做另一个，或者其中一个先做。一部分再换到另一个。而图层工作法可以这么做，把 word 任务分解为word 文字、 word 图示、word 排版三部分，把 ppt 分解为 ppt 文字、ppt 图示、ppt 排版三部分。然后将相同认知类型的工作组合在一起，处理的效率就会大大加快。
“图层工作法”是完成一个复杂作品或者复杂项目的基础，甚至可能是最有效的战术，而对于习惯于制作简单作品的我们来说，它也是帮助我们迈向更高行动能力的一架梯子。正如德国思想家本雅明所说：“写好散文要经过三个台阶，一个是音乐的，这时它被构思;一个是建筑的，这时它被搭建起来;最后一个是纺织的，这时它被织成。”
子曰：吾日三省吾身。要想成为一个很厉害的人，我们是不是也得经常问问自己：是否选择了自己愿意为之拼搏的选择?选择之后是否为之即刻付诸行动?行动是否张弛有度、条理分明?
第4篇 ted英语演讲：你该如何面对艰难选择
how to make hard choices
演讲者：ruth chang
| 中英对照演讲稿 |
think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
设想在不久的未来，你将面对一个艰难的决定。这也许是在两份职业中做出一个选择，艺术家还是会计师;也许是选择居住的地方，城市还是乡村;也许是在两个人中选择和谁结婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否让年老体衰的父母跟你一起住;是否让你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你会因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者说，是否将毕生积储捐赠给慈善机构。
chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能，你所思考的这些艰难抉择都十分庞大，十分重要你也十分重视。每当困难的选择出现，他都会让你感到痛苦、绝望，让你咬牙切齿。但我认为我们误解了艰难抉择的定义，更误解了其在我们生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解这些艰难决定，我们每个人便会发掘出 一种隐藏的潜力。
what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一个抉择之所以难是由于选项之间相互关联。任何简单的抉择中，总有一种选择比另一种要好。可在艰难抉择中，一种选择在某些方面较好，另一种选择在其他方面较好，二者各有千秋让人无法定夺。你痛苦地纠结于应该继续呆在这座城市里干这份工作，还是改变一下你的生活方式到乡村去接受更具挑战性的工作，因为留下有留下的好处，离开也有好处，两种选择各有千秋难以定夺。
we shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我们不应该认为所有的艰难抉择都很庞大。打个比方，你正决定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纤维全谷干麦片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假设在此抉择中的决定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麦片对你身体好，甜甜圈却好吃很多，但两者都有自身优势，这就是一个艰难抉择。
realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意识到小的选择也可能会变得困难，那面对大的艰难抉择时我们可能就不会觉得那么棘手了。毕竟，我们总能决定早餐吃什么，所以我们也许能够想明白，究竟要留在市区，还是到乡下接手新的工作。
we also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.
同时，我们也不应该觉得，选择之所以难是因为自己很愚蠢。在我刚大学毕业的时候，我无法从两种职业中抉择，哲学还是法律。我真心喜欢哲学，若能成为哲学家，便能学到很多惊奇的东西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好。可我出生自一个朴实简素的移民家庭，我对奢侈的概念，就是能在上学的午餐盒里找到一块猪舌和一份果冻三明治。所以这种一辈子仅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其实，对我来说只是一种奢侈和轻浮的假象罢了。
so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i'd be set. i'd compare them side by side, i'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黄色笔记本，在中间划了一条线，然后竭尽所能地写出每种选择的利与弊。当时我就想：如果能知道选择某种职业后我的人生会变成怎样就好了。如果上帝或者网飞公司能送我一张dvd来向我描述这两种充满可能性的职业生涯，那我就能做出选择了。我就能一一对比，看看哪种更好，这样一来抉择就简单多了。
but i got no dvd, and because i couldn't figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. it wasn't who i was.
但我没有收到这种dvd，而且由于我实在想不出哪一种更优，我就和大多数人一样：选择了最安全的一项。成为失业哲学家的恐惧，驱使我成了一名律师。可后来我发现，当律师不大适合我，这不是真正的我。
so now i'm a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我现在是名哲学家，我钻研艰难抉择，我可以告诉大家，对未知产生恐惧是在进行困难抉择时的自然反应，而这种恐惧来源于对艰难抉择的误解。
it's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我们不应该认为，在艰难抉择中某种选择总会会比另一种好，可我们自身太愚蠢，所以无法辨别，那既然我们无法定夺，倒不如选风险最小的那项。就算你完全了解了两种选项并将其一一对照，你仍然很难决定。选择之所以难，不是因为我们无知;难的原因在于没有最优选项。
now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. but that can't be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.
那么，如果没有最佳项，如果衡量的天秤不会倾向于 任何一方，那么任何选项都一定是好的。所以面对艰难抉择，可能正确的思维方式，就是认为选项双方一样好。这种想法肯定不对。如果选项都一样好，那还不如直接抛硬币算了，这样就会产生思想误区，让你认为自己选择事业、住处、婚嫁时都抛硬币选择就好了。
there's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
还有另外一个原因，使艰难选择并非是在同等好的选项中抉择。 假设你要在两份工作中挑选： 你可以做投资银行家，或做平面设计师。在这个选择当中有颇多决定性因素，譬如工作带来的兴奋程度、能获得的经济保障、顾家时间等等。
maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也许艺术家这个职业能让你接触最前沿的图像表达技术。或许当银行家你就能接触最前端的金融操纵手段。你可以想象任何两种你喜欢的职业，但两者都不会比另一方好的。
imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
现在，假设我们能稍微改进其中的一方。假设一间银行尝试讨好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。这一笔额外的金钱会不会让这份银行家的工作优于当艺术家呢?说不准。更高的薪酬让银行家的工作优于以前，但额外薪水不一定足够让成为银行家变得比成为艺术家好。
but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果对其中一种职业进行改进后结果并没有让一方优于另一方，那么两种选择本身就不可能是一样好。如果两件事一开始都同等的好 ，当你改进了其中一件，那它就一定会优于另一个。在艰难抉择中并非如此。
so now we've got a puzzle. we've got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can't be right. it's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. we're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么现在我们就有一个疑惑了。这两份工作，没有一方能完胜另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟该怎么选择呢? 貌似有些事情出错了。可能选项的本身就存在问题，导致我们无法比较。但这也不对啊。我们并不是要在两种不能被对比的事物间选择。我们说到底是在衡量两份工作的利弊，不是对比数字9和 一盘煎鸡蛋的好处。对比两份工作的总体优势是我们能做到的，也是我们经常做的事。
i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.
我认为疑惑产生的原因源于一种我们对价值的草率设想。我们不知不觉地认为，诸如正义、美丽、善良的价值观都与一些科学度量类似，都能被量度，譬如长度、质量、重量。试想一个与价值观毫不相关的比较，例如两个行李箱中哪个更重。仅有三种可能性。
the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.
其中一个的重量大于、小于 或等于另一个。像重量这样的性质能够用真实的数字来表达——1,2,3…… 而且在两个数字间的比较中只有三种可能。一个数字大于、小于或等于另一个数字价值观却不是如此。
as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can't. we shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作为后启蒙时期的生物，我们总是设想科学思维可以解决世界上一切重要的问题，但价值观的世界不同于科学的世界。科学界中， 一切事物可被数字度量。可价值观的世界中却不能。我们不能认为充斥着“是否”、“长度”和“重量”的数字世界与“该不该”和“该做什么”的价值世界有着同样的架构。
so if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are 'on a par.'
所以，如果我们觉得重要的东西，如：孩子的幸福、对另一半的爱，不能用数字来表示， 那么我们就没有理由相信， 在抉择过程中只有三种可能性： 其中一选项总会优于、劣于或等于另一项。我们需要一种全新的思考维度，第四种关系除了优于、劣于和等于之外，第四种关系能描述艰难抉择的运行模式。我偏好把各选项看做 “等价”。
when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that's why the choice is hard.
当所有选项等价时，你的选择就变得极为重要，但选项本身却没有哪个比其他的好。反之，所有的选择项都有类似的价值，都处于同一种价值范畴当中，但同时他们又具有不同的价值。这正是让选择变得困难的原因。
understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. if there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艰难抉择，我们就会在自己身上发现一些意料之外的东西。我们每个人都有能力去创造理由。想象一下若在某个世界中你只需面对简单抉择，那么，永远都有最佳项。若有最佳项，你就应该选它，因为保持理智就意味着选好的不选坏的，选最合理的。
in such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在这样的世界里，我们有充足的理由去穿黑袜子而不穿粉色袜子，去吃干麦片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不转向乡区，去娶betty而不娶lolita。充满简单抉择的世界，会让我们成为“原由”的奴隶。
when you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
当你这样想，你会发现自己一定是疯了才会相信 摆在你面前的选择会决定你追寻各种事物的理由，会决定你的爱好，让你住现在的房子，让你选现在的工作。事实上，当你面对的是多个选择，多个等价的选择，困难的选择，你会为自己制造理由来选择这项爱好、这所房子和这份工作。
when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
当各选项等价时， 我们面前的各种理性原由， 这些让我们分清对错的原由， 都无法给予我们一个答案。 唯有在这个有艰难抉择的世界里， 我们才能锻炼自己的 规范性力量，以创造自我的原由， 让自己变成 心中想成为的人， 一种更喜爱乡村生活而不是城市生活的人。
when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here's where i stand. here's who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.
当我们需要在等价选项间抉择时，我们能做出一些十分了不起的事。我们能把自身放在一个选项之后。(说道)这就是我的选择，这就是我。我选银行业。我选巧克力甜甜圈。
this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艰难抉择中，这种反应是一种理性反应，但却不是由我们面前的各种原由所决定的。反而，这是由我们自己创造的理由所支撑起来的。当我们为自我创造原由去成为这种人而非那种人时，我们就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以说，我们成了谱写自我人生篇章的作者。
so when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以当面对艰难抉择，不应该拿脑袋撞墙绞尽脑汁地去想哪个选项更优。最佳项并不存在。与其在外界苦命寻找理由，我们该往心里找： 我想成为什么样的人?你可能会决定成为一个穿粉色袜子、爱好干麦片，还住在乡村的银行家。而我可能会决定成为一个穿黑袜子，住在城市里，喜欢吃甜甜圈的艺术家。面临艰难抉择时的反应很大程度上 取决于我们自己每个人。
now, people who don't e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn't put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn't for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不锻炼自己规范性力量的人会成为“漂流者”。我们都认识那样的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律师。我并没有全身心投入到律师业务当中。我不适合当律师。漂流者允许这个世界谱写他们的生命篇章(被拖着走)。他们让奖罚机制—— 鼓励、畏惧、选择的简单性——来决定自己的道路。所以艰难抉择教会我们要审视自己能把身心与精力放到何处，自己究竟追求什么，并通过困难抉择来成为那种人。
far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艰难抉择不是痛苦和恐惧的来源，而是难得的机遇让我们庆幸人类有如此特殊的选择权利，庆幸有时候区分选择正误的理性原由会用尽，而且，庆幸有在这个具有艰难抉择的世界里，我们有能力去为自己创造理由，去成为与众不同的自己。这就是为什么，艰难抉择不是一种诅咒，而是天赐之物。
thank you.(applause)
谢谢(掌声)
